PMC

Simulation results for a patient with impaired ANS (IANS) and with low plasma refilling rate (LPR) — blood pressure (BP) and heart rate changes during treatment (Left: Without controller, Right: With controller)

Control loop diagram showing the MPC controller sending pressure commands (p_ref) to a low level PID pressure controller.

Left: Set pressure (in V) versus measured pressure (in psi) for a 15-psi Model 415 controller. Right: low range measurement with a 50-psi model 415 controller.

(a) Time response comparison of the presented flow controller and a commercial syringe pump. The syringe pump requires, on average, 20 s to stabilize while the flow controller requires less than five seconds. In some instances the syringe pump requires almost 60 s, as shown in the subplot. (b) Flow rate comparison between the flow controller and syringe pump at 1 μL/min. The syringe pump exhibits pulsatile flow at low flow rates while the flow controller offers stable flow rates.